1．格式
根据医学杂志编辑国际委员会 (The International Committee of Medical Jour
nal Editors, ICMJE）制定的《生物医学杂志投稿统一要求》（The Uniform Req
uirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 19
97）*, 一篇生物医学科研论文（以下简称“论文”）应包括以下12个部分：
1．标题（Title） 7．致谢（Acknowledgements）
2．摘要（Abstract） 8．参考文献（References）
3．引言（Introduction） 9．插图说明（Legends）
4．材料与方法(Materials 10．插图（Figures）
and Methods)
5．结果（Results） 11．表格（Tables）
6．讨论（Discussion） 12．照片和说明(Plates and Explanations)
以上除7、9、10、11、12部分因实际情况不需要外，其他各部分是一篇论文必不可
少的内容。下面分别介绍对各部分的基本要求，其中“标题”和“摘要”两部分将
在以后单元另行讨论。
2．要求
1） 引言部分
总的要求是：The purpose of an introduction is to bring the reader into
the general area of your study and then state the specific area of stud
y (move from the general to the specific). The introduction shows the s
cope of your investigation efforts.** 即：说明研究的总体范围和目的。
具体内容包括：
A． 背景 – 说明所研究问题的目前总体情况或历史（statement of general a
rea or history of problem）;
B． 意义 – 说明研究的意义或必要性（statement of importance or need）;
C． 进展 – 说明有关该问题的先有发现、报告或研究（statement of previou
s findings, reports or studies）。陈述这部分内容时一般要有引文（citatio
ns）;
D． 目的 – 说明本研究的目的（statement of purpose of current study）;
E. 范围 – 说明要研究问题的具体范围（statement of specific area of pro
blem to be studied）
示例：
In the military, it has been common to treat hyperthermic heat casualti
es by immersion in ice-containing water. <背景> This method is highly u
nphysiologic, because the secondary profound cutaneous vasoconstriction
shunts blood away from the skin, which greatly slows heat loss from th
e body core. In addition, shivering occurs soon after immersion, even t
hough core temperature has decreased very little; and this is counterpr
oductive by virtue of muscular heat production. Finally, immersion cool
ing is extremely unpleasant to the alert patient. <意义>
* 国际上已有500家生物医学杂志签约采用这个统一要求。
** 根据URMSBJ（下同）
Recently Weiner and Khogali <7> have developed a method for cooling
hyperthermic patients based on the principle of vaporization of warm w
ater from the body surface by blowing warm dry air over the skin. Their
method is an improvement on previous experience with vaporization of c
old water from the body surface. <3,4> <进展>
Based on their experience, we have utilized the same physiologic princi
ples in treating heat casualties during a two-week period of desert tra
ining (44th MAU,CAX 9-82,MCAGCC,29 Palms, Calif.). In addition, we have
applied these principles to normothermic volunteers to study the diffe
rence of the method and evaluate untoward effects. <范围、目的>
2） 材料与方法部分
总的要求是：Readers must be able to reproduce your results, evaluate th
e validity of your results and the soundness of your methods, and follo
w the logic in the paper. 即：结果的可重演性、方法的可靠性以及前后的逻辑
性。
具体内容包括：
A． 简要说明研究设计（study design / protocol），如：回顾（retrospecti
ve / review），前瞻（prospective），临床（clinical），动物（animal），实
验（experimental），活体内（in vivo）活体外（in vitro），原位（in situ）
随访（follow-up），对照（controlled），随机（random / randomized），双盲
交叉（double-blind crossover），人群（population / cohort / migrant），
对比（comparative），流行病学（epidemiological）等研究性质；
B. 详细说明研究对象（subject）情况，包括研究人员（student），被研究的人
（client）和动物（animal）的性别（sex）、年龄（age），物种（species），
品种（breed）生理状态（physiological state）; 微生物则要说明其菌株（str
ain），血清型（serotype）及其他区别特性（identity characteristics）；
C. 随机分组分组方法（methods of any random assignment of subjects to g
roups）和选择标准（criteria for admission to study groups）；
D. 详细说明所用的药物（drug），激素（hormone），试剂（reagent）和其他化
学品（chemical）的名称、商标（trademark）、生产厂家（manufacturer）及所
在地（location）；
E. 简要说明测定方法（method of measurement），包括名称，引文和偏差（va
riations）；
F. 简要说明统计学分析方法（method of statistic analysis）
这部分的陈述程序一般为：研究设计 → 研究对象性质 → 处理 / 干预方法 →
测定 / 观察手段 → 统计分析
除指示性说明外，如：“病人资料见表1”（Data of the patients are shown i
n Table 1）“材料与方法”和“结果”两部分一律用过去时表达。
示例：
A retrospective analysis was conducted of all adults and pediatric pati
ents (age less than 18 years) who received a prolonged course of parent
eral nutrition at UCLA Medical Center from January 1976 through Decembe
r 1983. <研究设计：性质、时间、地点、对象> Criteria for patient selecti
on included a minimum course of a months and development of caculous or
acalculous cholecystitis requiring cholecystectomy. From 1976 through
1983 136 patients underwent a prolonged course of TPN at the UCLA Medic
al Center. Sixty-two of these patients were found to have gallbladder d
isease. Cholecystectomy was performed in 21 of these patients before th
e initiation of TPN, and in 35 patients during or after administration
of long term TPN. This latter group of 35 patients forms the basis for
this report. <选择标准> Specific data regarding age, sex, length of tim
e receiving TPN, underlying disorders, indication for TPN, number of pr
evious operations, preoperative assessment, and the operative biliary p
rocedure, findings and outcomes were all recorded.<研究对象性质>
Patient data are summarized in Table 1. <指示性说明> (以下详细说明所选3
5个研究对象的情况，表格等内容，略)
3) 结果部分
总的要求：This section tells the reader what happened in your work.
Remember: let your results speak for themselves and don’t embellish (
leave that for the Discussion section), 即：让研究的客观结果说话，不要添
枝加叶。
具体要求：
1） 对所获结果进行概述（overview of the results）；
2） 说明所获资料或数据的统计意义（statistical significance）；
3） 统计支持（statistical support），包括图，表，照片等 （凡用图表表示
的内容不再用文字详述）。
注意：不要用模棱两可的词或短语表述结果，如： “ The results tended to b
e greater than…”, “… showed no promising trends”, “It could / mig
ht be inhibited by …”。
示例：
Clinical and laboratory findings
Although the findings of abdominal pain, nausea, emesis, fever, and chi
lls were present alone or in combination in 31 of 35 patients (88 perce
nt), the diagnosis of biliary disease was often delayed. The initial di
agnosis in five of the seven children less than 6 years of age was cath
eter sepsis. Results of preoperative liver function tests were availabl
e in 27 patients. Twenty-five of these 27 patients (93%) had some evide
nce of hepatic dysfunction. Hyperbilirubinemia was present in 8 patient
(30 percent), elevated alkaline phosphatase levels in 25 (93 percent),
and elevated transminase levels in 13 patients (48 percent). In almost
all these patients, the abnormal results of liver function tests had b
een noted early after the initiation of TPN and before the diagnosis of
biliary tract disease. Either hepatosplenomegaly or laboratory evidenc
e of a coagulation abnormality (prolonged prothrombin or partial thromb
oplastin time) or both were present in 19 patients (54 percent). Hepato
biliary scans (HIDA or PIPIDA) were performed in eith patients and were
suggestive of cystic duct obstruction in six. Abdominal ultrasonograph
y was performed in 24 patients and correctly identified biliary sludge,
gallstones, or both in 22 (92 percent). Gallstones were documented in
two additional patients by oral cholecystogram in one and endoscopic re
trograde cholangiography in the other. The remaining patient was explor
ed with a presumptive diagnosis of cholecystitis without the benefit of
any of these diagnostic tests. Although the clinical diagnosis was del
ayed in many of these patients, a correct preoperative diagnosis of cal
culous or acalculous cholecytitis was made in all but two patients who
were thought to have some other focus of intraabdominal sepsis. <用统计
数字说明临床和实验室发现>
Operative findings
(略)
Complications
（略）
Four of the 35 patients (11 percent) died after their biliary operation
. Two adults and one child died within 30 days of operation, and a seco
nd child died as a result of progressive respiratory and hepatic failur
e. He had previously undergone two attempts at cholecystectomy that had
to be aborted because of massive hemorrhage and was being prepared for
a third attempt when he died. The other child died as a result of pers
istent sepsis and respiratory failure. A 75 year-old patient with previ
ously documented carcinoma of the colon and short bowel syndrome second
ary to multiple resections for radiation enteritis died 23 days after e
mergent cholecystectomy for acalculous cholecystitis. His immediate pre
operative and postoperative course were complicated by progressive hepa
tic insufficiency and renal failure. He died on the eighth postoperativ
e day. Hospital mortality was 24 percent in the 14 patients who require
d urgent operqtions. <死亡率及死亡原因>
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